Chapter+Two

Chapter
 * Chapter 2 Outline:**
 * Previously, humans were nomadic hunters and gatherers, and followed their food around. But around 11,000 to 3,000 years ago, communities began to settle down. Women began to farm small plots of land, and the communities adopted a sedentary, farming lifestyle.**
 * There were a lot of effects of this change:**
 * 1) **Humans settled down and formed communities, and created familial bonds, resulting in the family and village-based lifestyle.**
 * 2) **Families could have their own "stuff", their treasured items that didn't necessary have practical value, since they didn't need to carry it around on their backs.**
 * 3) **Because they were no longer moving around and didn't need to carry their children with them, families could have more than one child, causing an increase in population growth.**
 * 4) **Because they settled down, the communities took out the resources of the area that they lived in, causing an increased effect on the environment.**
 * 5) **When humans were nomadic hunters/gatherers, hunting was men's work and gathering was the work of the women and children. When they began farming, maintaining the farm became the work of the entire family.**
 * 6) **The settled communities would over time become villages, towns, and cities; the birth of "civilization", as we call it.**
 * 7) **Diseases were spread more easily in the settled, closely knit communities.**
 * 8) **Humans domesticated more animals, like pigs and horses and goats and llamas (page 26), and affected their behavior, like with the sheep, and their inadvertently mutated their plants, like on page 29.**
 * **Pay attention to the chart on page 26 for the main animals and crops that were cultivated by humans in different areas, as well as the chart on page 30.**
 * 1) **They began to store their food to use during the winter, when they wouldn't be able to harvest any food.**
 * 2) **Leisure time was created, when there wasn't any work to do on the farm, and specific skills were created: the beginning of invention and the fine arts.**
 * 3) **Humans were inevitably trapped and cornered into their farming routine and lifestyle. They were dependent on the harvest for their source of food after they exhausted the game animals that surrounded their villages; if there was a bad harvest, the entire community suffered.**
 * 4) **Mood alternating drugs were introduced and became popular, along with poisons and herbal medicines.**
 * 5) **Women used to by hunter gatherers but when it became the most important job, men took over.**
 * 6) **Farming also caused negative things such as crop failure, population increase, disease, and famine.**
 * 7) **Breed weaker animals to provide a more accesable food source, or planting only the stronger and more useful seeds. They alter their everyday processes to make it easier for themselves.**
 * 8) **Animals and humans became closer, when the humans and animals both depended on each other.**
 * 9) **Humans needed animals for food, milk, and help in the fields**
 * 10) **Animals needed humans for food, shelter, and excersize.**
 * 11) **Assistance of animals in farming caused surplus of food.**
 * 12) **Farming was more energy efficient than hunter gathering.**
 * 13) **Farmers depended on the weather for farming and plants. (page 33)**
 * 14) **Farming brought more advantages then only food. It brought plant fibers, bow strings, herbal medicines, poisons, and mood-altering drugs. (page 26)**
 * 15) **Eurasia was more crowded and populated than anywhere else in the world (page 36)**
 * 16) **Communities of fisher folk began and their trips were very long due to the wind patterns. (page 34)**
 * 17) **Many more types of harvest were introduced. (page 29)**
 * 18) **Living in one place for a long time cuased water-proof homes, comfortable clothes, and food and diet changes.**
 * 19) **More tools invented (spindles, lumes, grinding stones, ovens, chimneys, and pottery)**
 * 20) **Domesticated animals caused erosion**
 * 21) **Wheeled vehicles were introduced (page 32)**
 * 22) **FARMING GAVE RISE TO CIVILIZATION.**

Tse-tse flies protected wildlife becuase humans could not go near them becuase they are dangerous to humans but not to animals.


 * B-BLOCK: (Anna Mukamal, Daniella Ochoa, Adam Linker)**

** Shifting to Food Production- 11,000 to 3,000 Years Ago **


 * When women's gardens became fields, farming became men's work.
 * When a mutation in a plant occured, farmers sometimes recognized it as advantageous, so over time plants changed and evolved to fit our human needs better.
 * As we domesticated animals and herded them at night, their genetic traits were altered.
 * Many ancient cities are now under water becaue of rising sea levels.
 * Farming helped them capture more energy from the face of the earth, but also increased the risks for famine, disease, and warfare. (page 25)
 * Some of our hereditary traits may have come from what our ancestors’ lifestyle was. (page 25)
 * Farming started because communities of hunter-gatherers wanted to settle down and create familial units. (page 26)
 * Families were independent consumers of food. (page 27)
 * They possessed personal and familial ownership of their homes.
 * They supported more than a single small child (could take care of more.)
 * There was a difference in what was “women’s” and “men’s” work... For example, gardening was for women and harvesting/hunting was for men. (page 28)
 * People began to think ahead and plan for survival. (page 28)
 * They began to use farming as a technology and breed animals selectively to manipulate them for human benefit. (page 29)
 * Fishing and the development of long-distance sailing was very important. (page 34)
 * Being socially stratified is a big theme of civilization. (page 36)
 * The population growth created a biological success and allowed them to transform earth’s ecosystems drastically. (page 38)
 * Sedentary villages replaced hunter-gatherers and continuity of custom emerged. (page 39)
 * SPECART can be applied to page 40 because city folk began to undertake the technological, religious, intellectual, political, economic, and institutional changes to improve their world.

North China: millet, soybeans || pigs, chickens, water buffalo || highlands: potatao, quinoa || lowlands: none highlands: llamas, alpacas, guinea pigs || __Chapter 2: Shifting to Food Production 11,000-3,000 years ago -__ An enormous increase in the number of people and in the number of domesticated plants and animals followed BY ANNA, NUPUR, ALEX K, AND SYDNEY
 * Date || Place || Main Crops || Main Animals ||
 * Uncertain || Southeast Asia || taro, yams, sugar cane, coconut, citrus fruits, rice || Pigs,chicken ||
 * 11,000 - 4,000 years ago || Southwest Asia || barley, wheat, lentils || goats, sheep, cattle, pigs, donkeys, camels, horses ||
 * 9,000 - 6,300 years ago || China || South China: rice
 * 6,000 - 4,000 years ago || Central Mexico || squash, maize, beans || none ||
 * 5,000 to 4,000 years ago || South America || lowlands: manioc, sweet potato
 * 5,000 - 3,000 years ago || sub-Saharan Africa || sorghum, millet, rice || cattle ||
 * "Humans managed all these new relationships"
 * 1) Environment
 * 2) Animals (domestication)
 * 3) Each other (new civilizations, bigger web, trade, communication, etc)
 * Hunter/gatherers => farmers
 * 1) Settling Down => population growth (able to support more than one child) & daily routines
 * 2) Bigger Civilizations
 * 3) Spread of disease after settling down (tsetse flies)
 * 4) Expansion
 * 5) Nile-Indus Corridor
 * 6) Metropolitan webs
 * 7) Brings us to military/weapons/leaders (authority and ownership of land, etc) --> "China started to sustain powerful states and armies about 4,000 years ago."
 * 8) Leads us to Mutual Dependence! (next point)
 * 9) Leisure time * (more ceremonial time, religious, thinking, etc.)
 * Mutual Dependence - when one person or thing needs another person or thing for survival.
 * 1) Animal/Human relationship
 * 2) Civilizations/Trade/Economics
 * 3) Communication, spread of knowledge = spread of religions
 * 4) Population
 * "Various green vegetables and spices added variety and vitamins to the diet as well."
 * 1) Healthier choices, population
 * 2) Leads to better health care (and begins the profession) in settled societies. Which leads us to specific roles and jobs in a community
 * Calendrical Astronomy (calendars)
 * 1) Tracking time, knowing when to plant (helps farming success)
 * 2) Gives us specific time lines
 * 3) Advancement in knowledge *
 * "Success generated new risks and dangers."
 * 1) Disease
 * 2) Ownership of land
 * 3) Defense against others
 * 1) Defense against others

G Block: __Shifting to Food Production__ __11,00-3,000 years ago__ - Domesticated plants and animals - Surplus - Rice - China used less plows and more physical labor in their farming - In tropical islands there was no extra food. Other nations had surplus amounts because of their crops that they planted. - - - Tropics were also dangerous with lots of diseases. No storage in the tropics. - Rice became more important as storage became more important- rice is easy to store. - When there was less water, people ate more animals, and when there was more people farmed more.

Advantages of stationary society: Disadvantages of stationary society: By Bailey, Channing, Alex T, Daniel
 * Weatherproof housing
 * Boiling, baking, brewing, chimneys
 * Stone axes, hoes, pottery (Farming tools)
 * Diseases: small pox, measles, flu
 * Crops could get diseases
 * If crops died, there was starvation
 * Larger- scale wars (walls/seiges)