Chapter+One


 * Chapter 1 - The Human Apprentinceship - G Block Priya, Gerry, Jonathan, Katherina

An apprentince is someone who is learning skills or pieces of knowlege

In this chapter, the Human Apprentince is talking about the transition from hunters to gatherers and humans evolving.**


 * Humans vs. Animals**
 * What do Humans do that distinguishes them from Animals?**
 * **Walk upright**
 * **Opposable thumbs**
 * **Sweat glands, long distance running, smaller teeth (which we make up for with tools)**
 * Able to adapt and therefore spread all over planet**
 * **Communicate in sophisticated ways (webs of communication; words; languages)**
 * **We use language for that whole experience/expectation cycle (see p. 12)**
 * **Different brain**
 * **Art, Music (Song and Dance), Philosophy**
 * **Technology (tools, weapons, sanitation)**
 * We can alter the environment on a large scale

Humans are believed to have first started in Africa after the bones of what was believed to be the first human was found in Ethiopia (Lucy). People believe that she lived 3.2 million years ago.

The main idea of the chapter was the transition from hunters to gatherers and how humans evolve more and and more thus the human apprentinceship.**

The Human Apprenticeship (pp. 9-24) - A Block

What does it mean to be human? To walk upright To communicate in a sophisticated way To have knowledge with technology, tools, and weapons To have a different brain with a sense of reason To have art, music, and philosophy To have sweat glands so you can do long distance running


 * 1) Humans learned to adapt from each other
 * People could adapt easier than other species
 * "We were quick to move into new landscapes"
 * Finding new ways of food
 * Inventing new ways of getting food as time goes by
 * 1) Because of bones we found, we supposedly originated in Africa
 * Page 11
 * [[image:Human_Bones.jpg]]
 * 1) Had certain milestones
 * "Substituting tools for teeth"
 * Learning how to use fire to our advantage
 * Page 15
 * 1) Developed a sophisticated form of communication
 * Language
 * Page 12
 * Song and Dance
 * Page 13
 * Created a culture
 * Another form of creating a culture was Animism
 * 1) Humans expanded their land
 * By 10,000 years ago, we had expanded so much that the only untouched areas of land we remote islands and areas covered by ice.
 * Page 12
 * 1) We developed an idea that there is a spirit world
 * Offered easy explanations for unknown things
 * Page 17
 * 1) We created the idea of marriage, which helped create the **first human worldwide web**
 * Page 18
 * 1) Over time, we learned that we could use all the parts of an animal
 * Ex - Whale blubber was also used for cooking oil and for lamps.
 * The Inuit whale hunting:[[image:Inuit_Whale_Hunting.jpg]]
 * The meat was preserved by freezing
 * Page 21
 * 1) We developed a form of art
 * Magdalenian Cave art
 * [[image:Magdalenian.jpg]]
 * Page 22
 * 1) Hunting techniques spread
 * 2) Developed social structure
 * Leadership
 * Caste system
 * Human life started in Africa-page 9
 * Homo Sapiens evolved from Homo Erectus -- with minor differences in the bone structure and a larger skull-page 11
 * Weapons -- humans used javelins and bows and arrows to kill their prey from a distance. This caused large animals to run when they saw or sensed humans. We also used weapons for protection.-page16
 * If a human could collect a large amount of food, this raises his status in the social structure.-page 20
 * Weapons -- humans used javelins and bows and arrows to kill their prey from a distance. This caused large animals to run when they saw or sensed humans. We also used weapons for protection.-page16
 * If a human could collect a large amount of food, this raises his status in the social structure.-page 20

What is a web?
 * A web is a set of connections that link people to one another.
 * It is in many forms of communications and guides future behavior.
 * It can be good and life saving or bad and cause death.
 * Webs have been created, lost and changed throughout history.
 * Webs never fully disappear, but strands are left behind while some go forward.
 * As innovation and industry connect our world, the webs become tighter and tighter (metropolitan webs).
 * Webs define history and the future of society.

Chapter 1: B-Block: Archita, Chase, Nichole, Justin It's about the hunter-gatherer society forming. = = F Block--Chapter 1 Humans evolving-Gaining defining features, such as becoming long distance runners, gaining control of fire, forming communities Hunter and gatherer societies: Women and children were gatherers and men were the hunters Which meant that men and women would join together in a family unit to provide for each other Use of fire: use to ward off animals, more and more natural energy flows of their environment to serve their own hopes and wants. Adoptions also include tools and animals to their environment, disruptive impact comes with adaptation. Different types of hunters: Human efficient cooling system: erect posture, sweat glands, and hairless skin Language was the most important break through. Spirit world: first signs of religion begin to show up. Dancing and rituals were very important. "Skills and tools that helped humans fulfill their wishes, one important landmark in this evolving process was the invention of song and dance" (pg 13) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language
 * Humans originated in the savannas of Africa (page 9)
 * They ate fruits, nuts, small animals, etc.
 * They were prey were big cats
 * Humans did not always look like they do today: (page 11)
 * Brains became larger
 * Feet and legs adapted to be more suitable for long-distance running
 * Enlargement of the braincase
 * Humans spread across bodies of water and different climates: (page 12)
 * No other species had other done this
 * Learned how to use fire: (page 15)
 * Cooking food
 * Burning fields to make plant-growing better
 * People started believing in a "spirit world" (page 15)
 * The birth of religion
 * The idea that there are spirits
 * Population growth after last ice age and people learned to preserve food (page 19)
 * People learned how to fish and capture whales (page 20)
 * 3 Major Groups of Hunter-Gatherers:
 * Intuits
 * Fished and caught whales
 * Northern Alaska to California
 * Magdalenians
 * Cave art
 * Southern France and Northern Spain
 * Natufians
 * Harvesters
 * Sinai to modern Syria '
 * Magdalenian**: cave people in France (cave drawings)
 * Inuit Hunters**: they hunt whales, live in arctic climates/Eskimos
 * Natufian**: harvested wheat in moist climates:: hunted antelope and other animals but mostly did wheat
 * **Language:** Our language started from our ancestors of monkeys and apes because, they were noisy,social creatures.
 * Language was an important break through and started successful communication

G Block Review of chapter one: The main ideas in chapter one is what it means to be human by the expansion of the human race which includes religion, language, and culture including supernatural forces or song and dance.

Language is one of many things that really separated us from every other animal. It let us comunicate and to let us deal with many problems that would be hard without communication. It also made a lot of things easier such as hunting and development of new ideas.

Religion started to occur in this chapter such as animism or the beliefs of super natural forces that effected beliefs and started many rituals. Religion also could lead to song and dance and the beginning of Arts and Etertainment and if you think about it it eventually led to Ipod's or Television

What it means to be human? To adapt to other situations (i.e. Inuit in Alaska) It talks about three civilizations Inuit, Magdalenian, and Natufian. Animism (idea of individual objects representing spirits) Expansion across the world Talks about religion Song and Dance (Arts) Change of the human anatomy (Lucy) such as enlarged brains, relocated box voice, and a prolonged infant dependency? Prolonged infant dependency? Use of fire (to destroy forests and make it easier to hunt and cook a long with warmth) Is fire a tool or a technology? John: I would say its a tool because it helped in the process of acting as fertilizer to plant other sources of food or helped clear out forests to make it easier to hunt.